1).TOUCH
NAME
touch - change file timestamps
SYNOPSIS
touch [OPTION]... FILE...
DESCRIPTION
Update
the access and modification times of each FILE to the
current
time.
-a
change only the access time
-c, --do not create any files
-d, --date=STRING
parse STRING and use it instead
of current time
-f
(ignored)
2).CAT
NAME
cat - concatenate files and print on the
standard output
SYNOPSIS
cat [OPTION] [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input,
to standard output.
-A, --show-all equivalent to -vET
-b, --number-nonblank
number nonblank output lines
-e
equivalent to -vE
-E, --show-ends
display $ at end of each line
-n, --number
number all output lines
3).LS
NAME
ls - list directory contents
SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
List
information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of
-cftuvSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options
are mandatory for
short options too.
-a, --all
do not ignore entries starting
with .
-A, --almost-all
do not list implied . and ..
--author
with -l, print the author of each
file
4).MKDIR
NAME
mkdir - make directories
SYNOPSIS
mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...
DESCRIPTION
Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not
already exist.
Mandatory arguments
to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-Z, --context=CONTEXT (SELinux) set
security context to CONTEXT
-m, --mode=MODE
set permission mode (as in
chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
-p, --parents
no error if existing, make parent
directories as needed
-v, --verbose
print a message for each created
directory
5).RMDIR
NAME
rmdir - remove empty directories
SYNOPSIS
rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
DESCRIPTION
Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are
empty.
--ignore-fail-on-non-empty
ignore each
failure that is
solely because a directory is non-empty
-p, --parents
Remove DIRECTORY and its
ancestors. E.g., 'rmdir -p a/b/c'
is similar to 'rmdir a/b/c a/b a'.
-v, --verbose
output a diagnostic for every
directory processed
--help display this help and exit
6).cd
BASH_BUILTINS(1)
NAME
bash,
:, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break,
builtin, cd, command, compgen,
complete, continue, declare, dirs,
disown, echo, enable, eval,
exec,
exit,
export, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill,
let,
local, logout, popd, printf, pushd, pwd,
read, readonly, return, set,
shift,
shopt, source, suspend,
test, times, trap,
type, typeset,
ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait
- bash built-in
commands, see
bash(1)
BASH BUILTIN
COMMANDS
Unless otherwise noted, each builtin
command documented in this section as accepting options
preceded by - accepts -- to signify the
end of the options. For example,
the :, true, false, and test
builtins do not accept options.
: [arguments]
No effect; the command does
nothing beyond expanding arguments
and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is
returned.
.
filename [arguments]
source filename [arguments]
Read and execute commands from
filename in the
current shell
7).clear
NAME
clear - clear the terminal screen
SYNOPSIS
clear
DESCRIPTION
Clear clears your
screen if this is possible. It looks in
the environment for the terminal type and then in the terminfo database to
figure out how to clear the screen. Clear ignores any command-line parameters
that may be present.
8). CP
NAME
cp - copy files and directories
SYNOPSIS
cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
DESCRIPTION
Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple
SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
-a, --archive
same as -dpR
--backup[=CONTROL]
make a backup of each existing
destination file
-b
like --backup but does not accept an argument
9).CAL
NAME
cal - displays a calendar
SYNOPSIS
cal [-smjy13] [[month] year]
DESCRIPTION
Cal displays a simple calendar. If arguments are not specified, the current
month is displayed. The options are as
follows:
-1
Display single month output.
(This is the default.)
-3
Display prev/current/next month output.
-s
Display Sunday as the first day of the week. (This is the default.)
-m
Display Monday as the first day of the week.
-j
Display Julian dates (days one-based, numbered from January 1).
-y
Display a calendar for the current year.
10). history
BASH_BUILTINS(1)
NAME
bash,
:, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break,
builtin, cd, command, compgen, complete, continue, declare, dirs, disown,
echo, enable, eval,
exec, exit, export, fc,
fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout, popd,
printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly,
return, set, shift, shopt,
source, suspend, test,
times, trap, type, typeset, ulimit , umask , unalias,
unset, wait -
bash built-in commands.
11).CHMOD
NAME
chmod - change file access permissions
SYNOPSIS
chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...
chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE
FILE...
DESCRIPTION
This manual page documents the GNU version of
chmod. chmod changes the permissions of
each given file according to mode, which can be either a symbolic representation of changes to make,or an octal number
representing the bit pattern for the new permissions. A combination of the
letters 'ugoa' controls which users' access to the file will
be changed: the user who owns it (u), other users in the
file's group (g), other users not in the file's group (o), or all
users(a).If none of these are given, the
effect is as if 'a' were given.
12).umask
BASH_BUILTINS(1)
NAME
bash,
:, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break,
builtin, cd, command, compgen, complete, continue, declare, dirs, disown,
echo, enable, eval,
exec, exit, export, fc,
fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout, popd,
printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly,
return, set,shift, shopt,
source, suspend, test,
times, trap, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias,
unset, wait -
bash built-in commands.
13).HEAD
NAME
head - output the first part of files
SYNOPSIS
head [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
Print
the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard
output. With more than one FILE, precede
each
with a header giving the file name.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
-c, --bytes=[-]N
print the first N bytes of
each file; with
the leading '-',print all but the last N bytes of each
file
-n, --lines=[-]N
print the first N lines instead of the first 10;
with the leading '-', print all but the last N lines of each file
14).TAIL
NAME
tail - output the last part of files
SYNOPSIS
tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
Print
the last 10
lines of each FILE to standard output.
With more than one FILE, precede each
with a header giving the file name.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
--retry
keep trying to open a file even
if it is inaccessible when tail
starts or if it becomes inaccessible
later; useful when following by
name, i.e., with --follow=name
-c, --bytes=N
output the last N bytes
15).DATE
NAME
date - print or set the system date and
time
SYNOPSIS
date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
date [-u|--utc|--universal]
[MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
DESCRIPTION
Display the current time in the given
FORMAT, or set the system date.
-d, --date=STRING
display time described by STRING,
not 'now'
-f, --file=DATEFILE
like --date once for each line of
DATEFILE
-r, --reference=FILE
display the last modification time of FILE
-R, --rfc-2822
output date and time in RFC 2822
format
16).EXPR
NAME
expr - evaluate expressions
SYNOPSIS
expr EXPRESSION
expr OPTION
DESCRIPTION
--version
output version information and exit
Print the value of EXPRESSION to
standard output. A blank line below
separates increasing precedence groups.
EXPRESSION may be:
ARG1 | ARG2
ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0,
otherwise ARG2
ARG1 & ARG2
ARG1 if neither argument is null
or 0, otherwise 0
17).WHO
NAME
who - show who is logged on
SYNOPSIS
who [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ]
DESCRIPTION
-a, --all
same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T
-u
-b, --boot
time of last system boot
-d, --dead
print dead processes
-H, --heading
print line of column headings
-l, --login
print system login processes
18).UNAME
NAME
uname - print system information
SYNOPSIS
uname [OPTION]...
DESCRIPTION
Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s.
-a, --all
print all
information, in the following
order, except omit -p
and -i if unknown:
-s, --kernel-name
print the kernel name
-n, --nodename
print the network node hostname
-r, --kernel-release
19).FINGER (BSD General Commands
Manual )
NAME
finger - user information lookup program
SYNOPSIS
finger [-lmsp] [user ...] [user@host ...]
DESCRIPTION
The finger displays information about the
system users.
Options are:
-s Finger displays the user's
login name, real name, terminal name and write status(as a ''*'' after the
terminal name if write permission is
denied), idle time, login time, office location and office phone number.
Login time is
displayed as month, day, hours and minutes, unless more than six months ago, in
which case the year is displayed rather than the hours and minutes. Unknown
devices as well as nonexistent idle and login times are displayed as single
asterisks.
20).CMP
NAME
cmp - compare two files
SYNOPSIS
cmp [-l | -s] file1 file2 [skip1 [skip2]]
DESCRIPTION
The cmp utility compares two files of any type and writes the
results to the standard output. By
default,
cmp is silent if
the files are the same; if they differ, the byte and line number at which the
first
difference
occurred is reported.
Bytes and lines are numbered beginning
with one.
The following options are available:
-l
Print the byte number (decimal) and the differing byte values(octal) for
each difference.
-s
Print nothing for differing files; return exit status only.
21).COMM
NAME
comm - compare two sorted files line by
line
SYNOPSIS
comm [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2
DESCRIPTION
Compare sorted files
FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. With no options, produce three-column output.
Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to
FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files.
-1
suppress lines unique to FILE1
-2
suppress lines unique to FILE2
-3
suppress lines that appear in both files
22).SORT
NAME
sort - sort lines of text files
SYNOPSIS
sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
Write sorted concatenation of all
FILE(s) to standard output.
-b, --ignore-leading-blanks
ignore leading blanks
-d, --dictionary-order
consider only blanks and
alphanumeric characters
-f, --ignore-case
fold lower case to upper case
characters
-g, --general-numeric-sort
23).WC
NAME
wc - print the number of newlines,
words, and bytes in files
SYNOPSIS
wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
Print newline, word,
and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line ifmore than one FILE is
specified. With no FILE, or when FILE is
-, read standard input.
-c, --bytes
print the byte counts
-m, --chars
print the character counts
-l, --lines
print the newline counts
-L, --max-line-length
print the length of the longest
line
24).TTY
NAME
tty - print the file name of the
terminal connected to standard input
SYNOPSIS
tty [OPTION]...
DESCRIPTION
Print the file name of the terminal
connected to standard input.
-s, --silent, --quiet
print nothing, only return an
exit status
25).ECHO
NAME
echo - display a line of text
SYNOPSIS
echo [OPTION]... [STRING]...
DESCRIPTION
Echo the STRING(s) to standard output.
-n
do not output the trailing newline
-e
enable interpretation of backslash escapes
-E
disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default)
26).man
NAME
man - format and display the on-line
manual pages
SYNOPSIS
man [--path]
[-m system] [-p string] [-C config_file] [-M pathlist] [-P pager] [-B
browser] [-H htmlpager] [-S section_ list][section] name ...
DESCRIPTION
man formats and displays the on-line
manual pages. If you specify section,
man only looks in that section of the
manual. name is normally the name of the manual page,
which is typically the name of a command,
function, or file.
OPTIONS
-C
config_file
27).MORE
NAME
more - file perusal filter for crt viewing
DESCRIPTION
More is a filter for paging through text
one screen at a time. This version is
especially primitive.
Users should realize that less provides
more emulation and extensive enhancements.
28).PASSWD
NAME
passwd - update a user's authentication
tokens(s)
SYNOPSIS
passwd [-k] [-l] [-u [-f]] [-d] [-n
mindays] [-x maxdays] [-w warndays] [username]
DESCRIPTION
Passwd is used to update a user's
authentication token(s). Passwd is configured to work through the
Linux-PAM API.
Essentially, it initializes itself as a "passwd" service with
Linux-PAM and utilizes
configured password modules to
authenticate and then update a
user's password.
29).PWD
NAME
pwd - print name of current/working
directory
SYNOPSIS
pwd [OPTION]
DESCRIPTION
Print the full filename of the current
working directory.
30).GREP
NAME
grep, egrep, fgrep - print lines
matching a pattern
SYNOPSIS
grep [options] PATTERN [FILE...]
grep [options] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE]
[FILE...]
DESCRIPTION
Grep
searches the named input FILEs (or standard input if no files are named,
or the file name - is given)
for lines containing a match to the
given PATTERN. By default, grep prints
the matching lines. In addition,two
variant programs egrep and fgrep are
available. Egrep is the same as grep -E.
Fgrep is the same as grep -F.
OPTIONS
-A NUM, --after-context=NUM
Print NUM lines
of trailing context
after matching lines.
Places a
line containing --
between contiguous groups
of matches.
31).PS
NAME
ps
- report a snapshot of the current processes.
SYNOPSIS
ps
[options]
DESCRIPTION
ps displays information
about a selection of the active processes. If you want a repetitive update of
the selection
and the displayed
information, use top instead.
32).RM
NAME
rm - remove files or directories
SYNOPSIS
rm [OPTION]... FILE...
DESCRIPTION
This
manual page documents
the GNU version of rm. rm removes each specified file. By default,it does not
remove directories. If a file is
unwritable, the standard input is a tty.
--force
option is not given, rm prompts the user for whether to remove the
file. If the response is affirmative,
the file is skipped.
OPTIONS
Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).
-d, --directory
unlink FILE, even if it is a
non-empty directory
33).set
BASH_BUILTINS(1)
NAME
bash,
:, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break,
builtin, cd, command, compgen, complete, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable,
eval, exec, exit, export,
fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history,
jobs, kill, let, local, logout, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly, return,
set, shift, shopt, source,
suspend, test, times,
trap, type, typeset, ulimit,
umask, unalias, unset, wait -
bash built-in commands.
34).CUT
NAME
cut - remove sections from each line of
files
SYNOPSIS
cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
Print selected parts of lines from each
FILE to standard output.
-b, --bytes=LIST
select only these bytes
-c, --characters=LIST
select only these characters
-d, --delimiter=DELIM
use DELIM instead of TAB for
field delimiter
-f, --fields=LIST
35).Read
BASH_BUILTINS(1)
NAME
bash,
:, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break,
builtin, cd, command, compgen, complete, continue, declare, dirs, disown,
echo, enable, eval,
exec, exit, export, fc,
fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let,local, logout, popd,
printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly,
return, set,shift, shopt,
source, suspend, test,
times, trap, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias,
unset, wait -
bash built-in commands.
36). jobs
BASH_BUILTINS(1)
NAME
bash,
:, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break,
builtin, cd, command, compgen, complete, continue, declare, dirs, disown,
echo, enable, eval, exec, exit, export,
fc, fg, getopts, hash, help,
history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read,
readonly, return, set, shift,
shopt, source, suspend,
test, times, trap,
type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait
- bash built-in
commands.
37).GAWK
NAME
gawk - pattern scanning and processing
language
SYNOPSIS
gawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] -f
program-file [ -- ] file ...
gawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] [ --
] program-text file ...
pgawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] -f
program-file [ -- ] file ...
pgawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] [
-- ] program-text file ...
DESCRIPTION
Gawk
is the GNU Project's implementation of the AWK
programming language. It conforms to the
definition of the language
in the POSIX1003.2 Command
Language And Utilities Standard. Pgawk is the profiling version of
gawk. It is identical in every way to
gawk, except that programs run more slowly, and it automatically
38).LN
NAME
ln - make links between files
SYNOPSIS
ln [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET
LINK_NAME (1st form)
ln [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form)
ln [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form)
ln [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY
TARGET... (4th form)
DESCRIPTION
In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET
with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd
form, create a link to TARGET in
the current directory. In the3rd and 4th forms, create links to each
TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links
by default, symbolic links with
--symbolic. When creating hard links,
each TARGET must exist.
--backup[=CONTROL]
make a backup of
each existing destination file
39).ENV
NAME
env - run a program in a modified
environment
SYNOPSIS
env [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]...
[COMMAND [ARG]...]
DESCRIPTION
Set each NAME to VALUE in the
environment and run COMMAND.
-i, --ignore-environment
start with an empty environment
-u, --unset=NAME
remove variable from the
environment
40).KILL
NAME
kill - terminate a process
SYNOPSIS
kill [ -s signal | -p ] [ -a ] pid ...
kill -l [ signal ]
DESCRIPTION
The command kill sends the specified
signal to the specified process or process group. If no signal is specified,
the
TERM signal is
sent. The TERM signal
will kill processes which do not
catch this signal.
OPTIONS
pid... Specify the list of processes
that kill should signal.
41).alias
BASH_BUILTINS(1)
NAME
bash,
:, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break,
builtin, cd, command, compgen, complete, continue, declare, dirs, disown,
echo, enable, eval,
exec, exit, export, fc,
fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout, popd,
printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly,
return, set, shift, shopt,
source, suspend, test,
times, trap, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias,
unset, wait -
bash built-in commands.
42).DIFF
NAME
diff - find differences between two
files
SYNOPSIS
diff [options] from-file to-file
DESCRIPTION
In the simplest case, diff compares the
contents of the two files from file and to-file. A file name of – stands for
text read from the standard input.
As a special case, diff - -
compares a copy of standard input to itself.
43).locate
NAME
locate - find files by name
SYNOPSIS
locate [OPTION]... PATTERN...
DESCRIPTION
locate
reads one or more databases
prepared by updatedb(8) and writes file names matching at least
one of the PATTERNs to
standard output, one per line.
PATTERNs
can contains globbing characters.
If any PATTERN contains no globbing characters, locate behaves as
if the pattern were *PATTERN*. By
default, locate does not check whether files found in database still
exist;
locate
can never report
files created after the most recent update of the relevant database.
44).FIND
NAME
find - search for files in a directory
hierarchy
SYNOPSIS
find [-H] [-L] [-P] [path...]
[expression]
DESCRIPTION
This
manual page documents the GNU version of find. GNU find searches the directory tree rooted
at
each given file name
by evaluating the given
expression from left to right,
according to the rules of
precedence , until the outcome is
known at which point find moves on to the next file name.
45).INFO
NAME
info - read Info documents
SYNOPSIS
info [OPTION]... [MENU-ITEM...]
DESCRIPTION
Read documentation in Info format.
OPTIONS
--apropos=STRING
look up STRING in all indices of
all manuals.
-d, --directory=DIR
add DIR to INFOPATH.
--dribble=FILENAME
remember user keystrokes in
FILENAME.
-f, --file=FILENAME
specify Info file to visit.
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